Ubwanditsi: Ibikubiye muri iyi nyandiko ni ibitekerezo bwite bw’umwanditsi, Jean Paul Ibambe, usanzwe ari Umunyamategeko

Nyuma y’ibyemezo biherutse gufatwa byo guhagarika by’agateganyo bimwe mu bikorwa by’amadini n’amatorero kubera kutubahiriza ibisabwa n’amategeko, bikozwe n’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Imiyoborere (RGB), benshi twihutiye kugira icyo tubivugaho, dushidikanya ku bubasha no kuba ibyo byemezo bitanyuranyije n’amategeko. Ariko se, tuzi, ari ryari ubwisanzure mu mitekerereze no mu myemerere bushobora kuzitirwa?

Ubwisanzure mu mitekerereze no mu myemerere ni inkingi ya mwamba y’imiyoborere ishingiye kuri demokarasi. Mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 37 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda irinda ubu burenganzira, igaha buri wese ubwisanzure bwo kwemera, gusenga, cyangwa guhitamo kutemera. Nyamara, nk’uko bimeze ku bundi burenganzira bwose, ubu burenganzira bufite imbibe, bushobora kugira aho buzitirwa.

Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, Komite y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu (UN Human Rights Committee), binyuze muri General Comment No. 22, itandukanya ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi: uburenganzira bwo kugira imyemerere runaka ni ntavogerwa kandi ntibugira aho buhagararira, ndetse n’igihe igihugu kiri mu bihe bidasanzwe.

Ariko, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’iyo myemerere, nko gusenga, kwigisha cyangwa kugaragaza imyemerere, bushobora gushyirwaho imbibi. Ibisabwa ni uko izo mbibi zishingira ku mategeko, kandi zikaba ari ngombwa kugira ngo harindwe umutekano rusange, umuco, uburenganzira bw’abandi cyangwa imibereho myiza y’abantu muri rusange.

Ingingo ya 41 y’Itegeko Nshinga hari ukuntu isubiramo uwo murongo, yemera ko uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure, harimo n’ubw’idini, bushobora kuzitirwa mu gihe amategeko abiteganya neza, kandi bigamije kubungabunga uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure by’abandi, imigirire myiza, umutekano w’igihugu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage, biranga igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi.

Dufate urugero rw’igiterane cyangwa urusengero rwaramuka ruhamagariye abayoboke amacakubiri cyangwa rwakwigisha inyigisho zirimo guhakana Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Muri urwo rwego, Leta ntiyagira uburenganzira gusa, ahubwo yanagira inshingano zitegetswe n’Ingingo ya 10 na 13 z’Itegeko Nshinga zo gutabara no gukumira ibishobora kubangamira amahame remezo nk’ubumwe, ubwiyunge n’ubudahungabanywa bw’umuntu.

Dufatiye urugero no ku bindi bihugu, nko muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amarika, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabitsindagiye kenshi by’umwihariko mu rubanza rwa Employment Division na Smith, ko amategeko atazitira imyemerere cyangwa idini ariko ashobora kugabanya Ubwisanzure mu mitekerereze no mu myemerere kubera impamvu zumvikana harimo gukurikiza andi mategeko ariho.

Ahandi, iyo hari gusuzumwa uburyo bwo kugabanya cyangwa kuzitira ubwisanzure, nko ku bw’ibitekerezo cyangwa imyemerere, amategeko akenshi akoresha inzira ebyiri zitandukanye:

Iya mbere ni: Content-based restrictions, aho igikorwa cy’ubwisanzure kigabanywa hashingiwe ku butumwa cyangwa ibitekerezo birimo,

Iya Kabiri ni: Content-neutral restrictions, aho igikorwa kigabanywa hadashingiwe ku butumwa, ahubwo hashingiwe ku gihe, ahantu, cyangwa uburyo bwakozwemo.

Dushingiye ku cyemezo giherutse cyo guhagarika amasengesho yaberega Ku Ngoro ya Yezu Nyirimpuhwe mu Ruhango, icyemezo cya RGB ni icyemezo kidashingiwe ku butumwa, ahubwo gishingiye ku gihe, ahantu, cyangwa uburyo byakozwemo (content-neutral). Nticyashingiye ku nyigisho z’imyemerere, ahubwo cyashingiwe ku mpungenge zifatika z’umutekano, ituze rusange, n’ubuzima bw’abitabira amasengesho, nk’uko byasobanuwe mu ibaruwa ya RGB.

Bityo, hakurikijwe nk’ingingo ya 41 y’Itegeko Nshinga n’andi mategeko, ubwisanzure mu myemerere no gusenga bushobora kuzitirwa igihe biteganyijwe n’itegeko, kandi izo mbibi ziri ngombwa, zingana n’ikibazo zigamije gukemura, kandi zikwiriye mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi, nko kurinda umutekano rusange, uburenganzira bw’abandi cyangwa ituze rusange.

Nkaba navuga ngo, icyemezo cyo guhagarika by’agateganyo ariya masengesho cyujuje ibbisabwa ntabwo gikwiye gufatwa nk’ihonyorwa ry’Ubwisanzure mu mitekerereze no mu myemerere.

U Rwanda rurirnda ubwisanzure mu mitekerereze no mu myemerere mu buryo bufatika, ariko si mu buryo butagira aho bugarukira kandi ibi si umwihariko warwo gusa. Icy’ingenzi ni ukubihuza n’inshingano rusange.

Ubwisanzure mu mitekerereze no mu myemerere ntibugomba kuba urwitwazo rwo gukora ibikorwa bibi cyangwa bibujijwe n’amategeko, ahubwo bugomba kuba imwe mu nkingi y’amahoro, ituze n’umutekano bya rubanda. Ariko kandi na Leta ubwayo ntigomba kurengera mu byemezo byayo, kuko imbibi z’uburenganzira zigomba kwishingikiriza amategeko, zigashingira ku mpamvu zumvikana kandi zituma u Rwanda ruba intangarugero nk’igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi.

Ibambe Jean Paul, ni umunyamategeko wabigize umwuga