Umwaka wa 2026 wabaye uw’ingenzi mu mateka y’impaka ku bucakara, nyuma y’uko Ghana iyoboye igikorwa cyagejeje ikibazo cy’icuruzwa ry’Abanyafurika mu Muryango w’Abibumbye (UN), hagafatwa umwanzuro wo kurishyira ku rwego rw’ibyaha bikomeye byakorewe inyokomuntu.

Ku wa 25 Werurwe 2026, Inteko Rusange y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yatoye umwanzuro A/80/L.48 wemeza ko icuruzwa ry’Abanyafurika bambuwe uburenganzira bwabo no kubashyira mu bucakara bwishingikirije ku ivanguramoko ari “icyaha gikomeye kurusha ibindi cyakorewe inyokomuntu.”

Uwo mwanzuro watowe n’amajwi 123 y’ibihugu byawushyigikiye, ibihugu bitatu birawanga naho 52 birifata. Mu bihugu byawushyigikiye harimo n’u Rwanda.

Ghana ni yo yayoboye iki gikorwa, ishyigikiwe n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bwa Afurika (AU), mu rwego rwo gusaba ko amateka y’ubucakara atareberwa gusa nk’ikintu cyabaye kera, ahubwo hakabaho n’ibikorwa byo gukemura ibibazo byasizwe n’ayo mateka.

Iyi gahunda ya Ghana yakomeje kugarura impaka ku ndishyi, gusaba imbabazi no gutanga ubutabera ku bakomoka ku bantu bacurujwe.

Mu nama yabereye i Accra muri Kamena 2026 yahuje abayobozi, abahanga mu mateka, abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abahagarariye Abanyafurika baba mu mahanga, hasabwe ko hategurwa gahunda ikubiyemo ibijyanye no kuriha ibyangijwe n’ubucakara.

Buri mwaka ku wa 23 Kanama, Isi yizihiza Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wo kwibuka ubucuruzi bw’abacakara n’iseswa ryabwo.

Uyu munsi washyizweho na UNESCO mu rwego rwo kwibuka ijoro ryo ku wa 22 rishyira ku wa 23 Kanama 1791, ubwo habaga imvururu muri Saint-Domingue, ahazwi uyu munsi nka Haiti, zakuruwe n’abacakara bari barambiwe igitutu cy’Abafaransa. Izi mvururu zafashwe nk’intandaro y’umuhate ukomeye wagize uruhare mu kurwanya ubucakara bwambukiranya inyanja ya Atlantique.

UNESCO ivuga ko uyu munsi ugamije gufasha abantu bose ku Isi gusigasira urwibutso rw’aya mateka, gusuzuma impamvu zatumye ubucakara bubaho, uburyo bwakoreshejwe n’ingaruka bwagize ku migabane ya Afurika, u Burayi, Amerika na Caraibes.

Ghana yarwanye inkundura ngo ubucakara bugirwe icyaha gikomeye cyibasiye inyokomuntu

Ubucakara bwatangiye bute?

Ubucakara ntabwo bwatangijwe n’ubucuruzi bwambukiranya Atlantique gusa. Mu bice bitandukanye bya Afurika, ubucakara bwari busanzweho mbere y’uko Abarabu, Ababerberi n’Abanyaburayi bahagera. Hari abantu babaga abacakara kubera gutsindwa mu ntambara, imyenda batishyuye cyangwa abandi bagatangwa n’imiryango yabo.

Ariko nyuma y’ivumburwa rya Amerika, ubucakara bwahinduye isura. Abanyaburayi batangiye gushaka abakozi benshi bo gukoresha mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro no mu mirima minini yo muri Amerika. Abanyafurika batangiye gufatwa, bakajyanwa ku ngufu hakoreshejwe inzira zizwi nka Transatlantic Slave Trade.

Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko hagati y’ikinyejana cya 16 n’icya 19, Abanyafurika bari hagati ya miliyoni 10 na 12 bajyanywe ku ngufu muri Amerika banyujijwe mu nyanja ya Atlantique.

Ubucuruzi bw’abacakara bwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku bice byinshi bya Afurika, cyane cyane mu Buregerazuba, muri Afurika yo Hagati no mu Burasirazuba bw’umugabane.

Mu bihugu byibasiwe cyane harimo Sénégal, Gambie, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Libéria, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Bénin na Nigeria, aho abantu benshi bafatwaga ku ngufu bakajyanwa muri Amerika gukora imirimo y’agahato mu mirima no mu nganda.

Mu gice cya Afurika yo Hagati, ibihugu nka Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Angola na Gabon na byo byagize uruhare n’ingaruka zikomeye muri ubwo bucuruzi. Mu Burasirazuba bwa Afurika, Tanzanie, Mozambique, Kenya na Somalie byabaye inzira zikomeye z’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara bwakorerwaga ku Nyanja y’Abahinde, aho abantu bajyanwaga mu bihugu byo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, mu Buhinde no mu tundi turere.

Ubu bucuruzi bwari igice cy’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwari bushingiye ku guhanahana ibicuruzwa: ibikoresho n’imyenda byavaga i Burayi bikajya muri Afurika, abantu bagafatwa bakajyanwa muri Amerika, naho isukari, ikawa n’ibindi bikomoka muri Amerika bigasubira i Burayi.

Abantu bajyanwaga muri ubwo bucakara babaga mu buzima bukomeye cyane. Benshi bapfiraga mu nzira kubera indwara, inzara n’imibereho mibi byo mu mato yabatwaraga, ku buryo amato amwe yitwaga “imva zireremba.”

Kurwanya ubucakara byagiye bigaragara mu bihugu bitandukanye mu kinyejana cya 18 n’icya 19. Imyigaragambyo y’abacakara, ibikorwa by’abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu ndetse n’impinduka za politiki byagize uruhare mu kubuhagarika.

Imwe mu mpinduka zikomeye yabaye imyivumbagatanyo yabereye i Saint-Domingue mu 1791, yaje gutuma Haiti ibona ubwigenge mu 1804 kandi igira uruhare mu kongera imbaraga mu kurwanya ubucakara.

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, ibihugu bitandukanye byatangiye kubuhagarika. Ubucuruzi bw’abacakara bwahagaritswe n’u Bwongereza mu 1807, naho ubucakara ubwabwo burandurwa mu bice byinshi by’Ubwami bw’u Bwongereza mu 1834. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zabukuyeho mu 1865 nyuma y’Intambara y’abenegihugu.

Kubera uburyo abacakara bafatwaga nabi, benshi barapfuye

Kuki u Rwanda rutabaye igicumbi cy’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara?

Mu gihe ibice byinshi bya Afurika byahuye n’ingaruka zikomeye z’ubucakara, u Rwanda rwo rwabaye igihugu cyihariye kubera imiterere yarwo n’imyanzuro y’ubuyobozi bwarwo.

Amateka agaragaza ko u Rwanda rwari igihugu gisa n’ikirinzwe mbere y’uko abakoloni bahagera, ku buryo kwinjira kw’abanyamahanga byari bigoye.

Abashakashatsi bagaragaza ko bitandukanye n’ibihugu byari ku nkombe z’inyanja nka Tanzania, aho abacuruzi b’Abarabu bari barashinze ibirindiro kuva mu kinyejana cya 19.

Ku ngoma ya Kigeli IV Rwabugili mu myaka ya 1870, u Rwanda rwafashe ingamba zo kurwanya abacuruzi b’abacakara banyuraga mu karere. Yashyizeho ingabo zagombaga guhangana n’abafataga abantu bakabajyana ku ngufu.

Amateka avuga ko ubwo abacuruzi bageragezaga gusaba Umwami Rwabugili kubaha Abanyarwanda ngo babagurishe, yabasubije ko abaturage atari abe ku buryo yabagurisha, ahubwo ko na we ari uwabo.

Impuguke mu mateka Innocent Nizeyimana yigeze kubwira IGIHE ko Abanyarwanda bari bafite imyumvire yo kubaha agaciro k’ikiremwamuntu, ari yo mpamvu ubuyobozi bw’igihugu bwamaganye icuruzwa ry’abantu.

Icyakora, amateka y’u Rwanda kuri iyi ngingo aracyaganirwaho n’abanyamateka. Hari abagaragaza ko nta bucuruzi bunini bw’abacakara bwabaye mu Rwanda nk’ubwabaye muri Tanzania, Congo cyangwa Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, ariko hari n’ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko ubucakara bwabaye mu bice bimwe by’u Rwanda, cyane cyane mu buryo bwo gufata abana, abagore n’abandi bantu bakagurishwa cyangwa bagakoreshwa imirimo y’agahato.

Icyatandukanyije u Rwanda n’ahandi ni uko rutigeze ruba igicumbi gikomeye cy’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw’abacakara, cyane cyane kubera imiterere y’igihugu, kuba rutari ku nyanja ndetse n’ingamba z’ubwami bwo kubuza abacuruza abantu gukorera ku butaka bwarwo.

Ibikorwa byo kwirwanaho kw'abacakara byatangiriye muri Haiti y'uyu munsi